Silicones are inert, synthetic compounds with a wide variety of forms and uses. Typically heat-resistant and rubber An elastomer is a polymer with the property of viscoelasticity , generally having notably low Young's modulus and high yield strain compared with other materials. The term, which is derived from elastic polymer, is often used interchangeably with the term rubber, although the latter is preferred when referring to vulcanisates. Each of the monomers-like, they are commonly used in cookware Cookware and bakeware are types of food preparation containers commonly found in the kitchen. Cookware comprises cooking vessels, such as saucepans and frying pans, intended for use on a stove or range cooktop. Bakeware comprises cooking vessels intended for use inside an oven. Some utensils are both cookware and bakeware, medical applications Medicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Before scientific medicine, healing arts were practised in accordance with alchemical treatments and ritual practices that developed out of religious and cultural traditions, sealants A sealant is a viscous material that changes state to become solid, once applied, and is used to prevent the penetration of air, gas, noise, dust, fire, smoke or liquid from one location through a barrier into another. Typically, sealants are used to close small openings that are difficult to shut with other materials, such as concrete, drywall,, adhesives An adhesive, or glue, is a mixture in a liquid or semi-liquid state that adheres or bonds items together. Adhesives may come from either natural or synthetic sources. The types of materials that can be bonded are vast but they are especially useful for bonding thin materials. Adhesives cure by either evaporating a solvent or by chemical reactions, lubricants, insulation The term thermal insulation can refer to materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer. Heat energy can be transferred by conduction, convection, radiation or by actual movement of material from one location to another. For the purposes of this discussion only the first three, and breast implants.

Silicones are polymers A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a wide variety of properties that include silicon Silicon is the most common metalloid. It is a chemical element, which has the symbol Si and atomic number 14. A tetravalent metalloid, silicon is less reactive than its chemical analog carbon. It is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but silicon very rarely occurs as the pure free element in nature. Silicon is more widely together with carbon Carbon is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of, hydrogen Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of 1.00794 u (1.007825 u for Hydrogen-1), hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75 % of the Universe's elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly composed of hydrogen in its, oxygen Oxygen (pronounced /ˈɒksɨdʒɨn/, OK-si-jin, from the Greek roots ὀξύς (acid, literally "sharp", from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter), is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, and is a highly, and sometimes other chemical elements A chemical element is a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its nucleus. The term is also used to refer to a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons. Common examples of elements are iron, copper, silver, gold, hydrogen, carbon,. Some common forms include silicone oil Silicone oils are silicon analogues of carbon based organic compounds, and can form (relatively) long and complex molecules based on silicon rather than carbon. Chains are formed of alternating silicon-oxygen atoms (...Si-O-Si-O-Si...) or siloxane, rather than carbon atoms (...C-C-C-C...). Other species attach to the tetravalent silicon atoms, not, silicone grease Silicone grease is a waterproof grease made by combining a silicone oil with a thickener. Most commonly, the silicone oil is polydimethylsiloxane and the thickener is amorphous fumed silica. Using this formulation, silicone grease is a translucent white viscous paste, with exact properties dependent on the type and proportion of the components, silicone rubber Silicone rubber is a rubber-like material composed of silicone — itself a polymer — containing silicon together with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. During manufacture heat is required to vulcanize the silicone into its rubber-like form. This is normally carried out in a two stage process at the point of manufacture into the desired shape, and, and silicone resin Silicone resins are a type of silicone material which is formed by branched, cage-like oligosiloxanes with the general formula of RnSiXmOy, where R is a non reactive substituent, usually Me or Ph, and X is a functional group H, OH, Cl or OR. These groups are further condensed in many applications, to give highly crosslinked, insoluble polysiloxane.

Properties

Some of the most useful properties of silicone include:

1. Good electrical insulation An insulator, also called a dielectric, is a material that resists the flow of electric current. An insulating material has atoms with tightly bonded valence electrons. These materials are used in parts of electrical equipment, also called insulators or insulation, intended to support or separate electrical conductors without passing current. Because silicone can be formulated to be electrically insulative or conductive, it is suitable for a wide range of electrical applications.
2. Thermal stability (constancy of properties over a wide operating range of −100 to 250 °C).
3. Though not a hydrophobe In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule (known as a hydrophobe) that is repelled from a mass of water, the ability to repel water and form watertight seals.
4. Excellent resistance to oxygen, ozone and UV Ultraviolet light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but longer than x-rays, in the range 10 nm to 400 nm, and energies from 3eV to 124 eV. It is so named because the spectrum consists of electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than those that humans identify as the colour violet light (sunlight). This has led to widespread use in the construction industry (e.g. coatings, fire protection, glazing seals), and automotive industry (external gaskets, external trim).
5. Does not stick.
6. Low chemical reactivity.
7. Low toxicity Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell or an organ (organotoxicity), such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). By extension, the word may be, but does not support microbiological growth.
8. High gas permeability: at room temperature (25 °C) the permeability of silicone rubber for gases like oxygen is approximately 400 times^{[citation needed]} that of butyl rubber Butyl rubber—also known as polyisobutylene and PIB n is a synthetic rubber, a homopolymer of 2-methyl-1-propene. Polyisobutylene is produced by polymerization of about 98% of isobutylene with about 2% of isoprene. Structurally, polyisobutylene resembles polypropylene, having two methyl groups substituted on every other carbon atom. It has, making silicone useful for medical applications (though precluding it from applications where gas-tight seals are necessary).

History

Frederick Kipping Professor Frederick Stanley Kipping FRS was an English chemist who was born near Manchester, England. He studied under William Henry Perkin, Jr. at Munich University in Germany, in the laboratories of Adolf von Baeyer. Back in England, Kipping undertook much of the pioneering work into the development of silicone polymers at University College was the chemist who pioneered the study of the organic compounds An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of compounds such as carbonates, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon, are considered inorganic. The distinction between "organic" and " of silicon (organosilicons Organosilicon compounds are organic compounds containing carbon silicon bonds. Organosilicon chemistry is the corresponding science exploring their properties and reactivity), and coined the term silicone.^[1]

Technical details

More precisely called polymerized A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a wide variety of properties siloxanes Siloxanes can have branched or unbranched backbones consisting of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms -Si-O-Si-O-, with side chains R attached to the silicon atoms. More complicated structures are also known, for example eight silicon atoms at the corners of a cube, connected by 12 oxygen atoms as the cube edges or polysiloxanes, silicones are mixed inorganic Traditionally, inorganic compounds are considered to be of a mineral, not biological, origin. Complementarily, most organic compounds are traditionally viewed as being of biological origin. Over the past century, the precise classification of inorganic vs organic compounds has become less important to scientists, primarily because the majority of-organic An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of compounds such as carbonates, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon, are considered inorganic. The distinction between "organic" and " polymers A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a wide variety of properties with the chemical formula [R₂SiO]_n, where R is an organic group such as methyl In chemistry, a methyl group is a hydrophobic alkyl functional group named after methylene (RC , ethyl In chemistry, an ethyl group is an alkyl functional group derived from ethane . It has the formula -C2H5 and is very often abbreviated -Et, or phenyl where the six carbon atoms are arranged in a cyclic ring structure. This hydrophobic, highly-stable and aromatic hydrocarbon unit can be found in many organic compounds. It can be thought of as being derived from benzene . In fact, in chemical literature benzene itself is sometimes denoted as PhH. These materials consist of an inorganic silicon-oxygen Oxygen (pronounced /ˈɒksɨdʒɨn/, OK-si-jin, from the Greek roots ὀξύς (acid, literally "sharp", from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter), is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, and is a highly backbone (…-Si-O-Si-O-Si-O-…) with organic side groups attached to the silicon atoms, which are four-coordinate.

In some cases organic side groups can be used to link two or more of these -Si-O- backbones together. By varying the -Si-O- chain lengths, side groups, and crosslinking Cross-links are bonds that link one polymer chain to another. They can be covalent bonds or ionic bonds. "Polymer chains" can refer to synthetic polymers or natural polymers . When the term "cross-linking" is used in the synthetic polymer science field, it usually refers to the use of cross-links to promote a difference in the, silicones can be synthesized with a wide variety of properties and compositions. They can vary in consistency from liquid to gel to rubber to hard plastic. The most common siloxane is linear polydimethylsiloxane Polydimethylsiloxane belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones. PDMS is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties. Its applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is present, (PDMS), a silicone oil Silicone oils are silicon analogues of carbon based organic compounds, and can form (relatively) long and complex molecules based on silicon rather than carbon. Chains are formed of alternating silicon-oxygen atoms (...Si-O-Si-O-Si...) or siloxane, rather than carbon atoms (...C-C-C-C...). Other species attach to the tetravalent silicon atoms, not. The second largest group of silicone materials is based on silicone resins Silicone resins are a type of silicone material which is formed by branched, cage-like oligosiloxanes with the general formula of RnSiXmOy, where R is a non reactive substituent, usually Me or Ph, and X is a functional group H, OH, Cl or OR. These groups are further condensed in many applications, to give highly crosslinked, insoluble polysiloxane, which are formed by branched and cage-like oligosiloxanes.

Synthesis

Silicones are synthesized from chlorosilanes Chlorosilanes are a group of reactive, chlorine-containing chemical compounds, related to silane and used in many chemical processes. Each such chemical has at least one silicon-chlorine bond, tetraethoxysilane Tetraethyl orthosilicate is the chemical compound with the formula Si4. Often abbreviated TEOS, this molecule consists of four ethyl groups attached to SiO44- ion, which is called orthosilicate. As an ion in solution, orthosilicate does not exist. Alternatively TEOS can be considered to be the ethyl ester of orthosilicic acid, Si(OH)4. It is a, and related compounds. In the case of PDMS Polydimethylsiloxane belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones. PDMS is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties. Its applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is present,, the starting material is dimethyldichlorosilane Dimethyldichlorosilane is a tetrahedral, organosilicon compound with the formula Si2Cl2. At room temperature it is a colorless liquid that readily reacts with water to form both linear and cyclic Si-O chains. Dimethyldichlorosilane is made on an industrial scale as the principal precursor to dimethylsilicone and polysilane compounds, which reacts with water Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state, water vapor or steam as follows:

n Si(CH₃)₂Cl₂ + n H₂O → [Si(CH₃)₂O]_n + 2n HCl

During polymerization In polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks or polymer chains. There are many forms of polymerization and different systems exist to categorize them, this reaction evolves hazardous hydrogen chloride The compound hydrogen chloride has the formula H gas. For medical uses, a process was developed where the chlorine atoms in the silane precursor were replaced with acetate groups, so that the reaction product of the final curing process is nontoxic acetic acid Acetic acid, CH3COOH, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic acid that gives vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. It is a weak acid, in that it is only a partially dissociated acid in an aqueous solution. Pure, water-free acetic acid is a colourless liquid that absorbs water from the environment (hygroscopy), and freezes at 16.5 °C (62 ° (vinegar). As a side effect, the curing process is also much slower in this case. This is the chemistry used in many consumer applications, such as silicone caulk Caulking is a term used to describe several different process to seal joints or seams in various structures and certain types of piping. The oldest form of caulking is used to make the seams in wooden boats or ships watertight, by driving fiberous materials into the wedge-shaped seams between planks. A related process was formerly employed to join and adhesives An adhesive, or glue, is a mixture in a liquid or semi-liquid state that adheres or bonds items together. Adhesives may come from either natural or synthetic sources. The types of materials that can be bonded are vast but they are especially useful for bonding thin materials. Adhesives cure by either evaporating a solvent or by chemical reactions.

Silane precursors with more acid-forming groups and fewer methyl groups, such as methyltrichlorosilane, can be used to introduce branches In polymer chemistry, branching occurs by the replacement of a substituent, e.g, a hydrogen atom, on a monomer subunit, by another covalently bonded chain of that polymer; or, in the case of a graft copolymer, by a chain of another type. In crosslinking rubber by vulcanization, short sulfur branches link polyisoprene chains into a multiply- or cross-links Cross-links are bonds that link one polymer chain to another. They can be covalent bonds or ionic bonds. "Polymer chains" can refer to synthetic polymers or natural polymers . When the term "cross-linking" is used in the synthetic polymer science field, it usually refers to the use of cross-links to promote a difference in the in the polymer chain. Ideally, each molecule of such a compound becomes a branch point. This can be used to produce hard silicone resins Silicone resins are a type of silicone material which is formed by branched, cage-like oligosiloxanes with the general formula of RnSiXmOy, where R is a non reactive substituent, usually Me or Ph, and X is a functional group H, OH, Cl or OR. These groups are further condensed in many applications, to give highly crosslinked, insoluble polysiloxane. Similarly, precursors with three methyl groups can be used to limit molecular weight, since each such molecule has only one reactive site and so forms the end of a siloxane chain.

Modern silicone resins are made with tetraethoxysilane, which reacts in a more mild and controllable manner than chlorosilanes.

Chemical terminology

Silicone is often mistakenly referred to as "silicon." Although silicones contain silicon atoms, they are not made up exclusively of silicon, and have completely different physical characteristics from elemental silicon.

F. S. Kipping coined the word "silicone" in 1901 to describe polydiphenylsiloxane by analogy of its formula, Ph₂SiO, with the formula of the ketone benzophenone, Ph₂CO (Ph stands for phenyl, C₆H₅). Kipping was well aware that polydiphenylsiloxane is polymeric whereas benzophenone is monomeric and noted that Ph₂SiO and Ph₂CO had very different chemistry.^[2][3]

A true silicone group with a double bond between oxygen and silicon (see figure) does not commonly exist in nature; chemists find that the silicon atom much prefers a single bond with each of two oxygen atoms, rather than a double bond to a single atom. Polysiloxanes are still more commonly known as "silicones".

Molecules containing silicon-oxygen double bonds do exist and are called silanones. Several silanones have been studied in argon matrices^[4] and in the gas phase, but they are highly reactive.^[5] Despite their reactivity, silanones are important as intermediates in gas-phase processes such as chemical vapor deposition in microelectronics production, in the formation of ceramics by combustion,^[6] and in astrochemistry.^[7]

Uses

Aquarium joints

Glass aquarium manufacturers have used 100% silicone sealant exclusively from its inception in order to join glass plates, making aquariums of every size and shape. Glass joints made with silicone sealant can withstand a great deal of pressure, making obsolete the original aquarium construction method using angle-iron and putty. This same silicone is also used to make hinges in aquarium lids or even for minor repairs. Not all commercial silicones are safe for aquarium manufacture, nor is silicone used for the manufacture of acrylic aquariums as silicones do not have long-term adhesion to plastics.^[8]

Automotive

In the automotive field, silicone grease is typically used as a lubricant for brake components since it is stable at high temperatures, is not water-soluble and is far less likely than other lubricants to foul.

Automotive spark plug wires are often insulated by multiple layers of silicone to prevent sparks from jumping to adjacent wires, causing misfires.

Silicone tubing is sometimes used in automotive intake systems (especially for engines with forced-induction).

Sheet silicone is used to manufacture gaskets used in automotive engines, transmissions and other applications.

Automotive body manufacturing plants and paint shops must avoid the presence of all silicones, as they may cause "fish eyes," small, circular craters that appear in the finish.

Additionally, silicone compounds such as silicone rubber are used in the automotive industry for airbags as coatings and sealants. The high strength of silicone rubber makes it an optimal adhesive/sealant for high impact airbags.

Coatings

Silicone films can be applied to silica-based substrates like glass to form a covalently bonded hydrophobic coating.

Fabrics may be coated or impregnated with silicone to form a strong, waterproof composite such as silnylon.

Cookware

• As a low taint, non-toxic material, silicone can be used where contact with food is required. Silicone is becoming an important product in the cookware industry, particularly bakeware and kitchen utensils.
• It is used as an insulator in heat resistant potholders and similar, however it is more conductive of heat than the less dense fiber-based ones. Silicone oven mitts are able to withstand temperatures up to 675 °F (357 °C), and allow reaching into boiling water.^[9]
• Molds for chocolate, ice, cookies, muffins, etc.
• Some novel designs are steamer, egg boiler, vegetables cooker, cooking lids, pot handle, kitchen mats, etc.

Defoaming

Silicones are used as active compound in defoamers due to the low water solubility and good spreading properties.

Dry cleaning

Liquid silicone can be used as a dry cleaning solvent. Touted as an "environmentally friendly" alternative to the traditional perchloroethylene (or perc) solvent, the decamethylpentacyclosiloxane (D5) process has been patented by the company GreenEarth Cleaning.

The solvent degrades into silica and trace amounts of water and carbon dioxide; and while the silica waste produced is hazardous if inhaled,^[10] currently, there is no evidence that it is environmentally worse than the silica from regular beach sand. This significantly reduces the environmental impact of a typically high-polluting industry.

Additionally, liquid silicone is chemically inert, meaning it does not react with fabrics or dyes during the cleaning process. This reduces the amount of fading and shrinking that most dry-cleaned garments experience.

Electronics

Electronic components are sometimes encased in silicone to increase stability against mechanical and electrical shock, radiation and vibration. This is often called "potting".

Silicones are used where durability and high performance are demanded of components under hard conditions, such as in space (satellite technology). They are selected over polyurethane or epoxy encapsulation when a wide operating temperature range is required (−65 to 315 °C). Silicones also have the advantage of little exothermic heat rise during cure, low toxicity, good electrical properties and high purity.

The use of silicones in electronics is not without problems, however. Silicones are relatively expensive and can be attacked by solvents.^[11] Silicone easily migrates as either a liquid or vapor onto other components.

Silicone contamination of electrical switch contacts can lead to failures by causing an increase in contact resistance, often late in the life of the contact, well after any testing is completed.^[12][13] Use of silicone-based spray products in electronic devices during maintenance or repairs can cause later failures.

Firestops

Silicone foams have been used in North American buildings in an attempt to firestop openings within fire-resistance-rated wall and floor assemblies to prevent the spread of flames and smoke from one room to another.

Silicone foam firestops have been the subject of controversy and press attention due to smoke development from pyrolysis of combustible components within the foam, hydrogen gas escape, shrinkage and cracking. These problems have been exposed by whistleblower Gerald W. Brown and have led to a large number of reportable events among licensees (operators of nuclear power plants) of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).

When properly installed, silicone-foam firestops can be fabricated for building code compliance. Advantages include flexibility and high dielectric strength. Disadvantages include combustibility (hard to extinguish) and significant smoke development.

Silicone can also be found in aircraft technology.

Lubricants

Silicone greases are used for many purposes, such as bicycle chains. A dry-set lubricant is delivered with a solvent carrier to penetrate the chain. The solvent evaporates, leaving a clear film that lubricates but does not attract dirt and grit as much as a traditional "wet" lubricant.

Silicone personal lubricants are also available, for use in medical procedures or sexual activity.

Medicine

Silicone, particularly the gel form, is used in bandages and dressings, in breast implants and a variety of other medical uses.

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been used as the hydrophobic block of amphiphilic synthetic block copolymers used to form the vesicle membrane of polymersomes.

Moldmaking

Two-part silicone systems are used to create rubber molds which can be used for production casting of resins, foams, rubber and low-temp alloys.

A mold made of silicone generally requires little or no mold release or surface preparation as most materials do not adhere to moldmaking silicone.

For experimental uses, ordinary one-part silicone can also be used, either to make molds, or to mold into shapes. Common vegetable cooking oils and petroleum jelly can be used on mating surfaces as a mold release agent.^[14]

Personal care

Silicones are ingredients in many hair conditioner, shampoo, and hair gel products. Some silicones, notably the amine functionalized amodimethicones, are excellent conditioners. They improve combability, feel, and softness, and also lessen frizz. Another silicone family, the phenyltrimethicones, are used in reflection-enhancing and color-correcting hair products, where they increase shine and glossiness (and possibly effect subtle color changes). Phenyltrimethicones, unlike the conditioning amodimethicones, have refractive indices (typically 1.46) close to that of human hair (1.54). Achieving both high-shine and excellent conditioning in one hair care product is much more difficult than simply adding two different silicones to the formulation, because amodimethicone and phenyltrimethicone interact with and dilute each other. This is one reason why modern hair care products, and cosmetics generally, are among the most highly engineered consumer cosmetic products.

Silicones are also used in some shaving products and personal lubricants. Menstrual cups are often made of medical grade silicone for its durability, reusability, and biocompatibility. Silicone is also material of choice for soft sex toys, due to its durability, cleanability and lack of phthalates, chemicals suspected of having carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on the skin and mucous membranes.^[15][16][17]

Specific grades of silicone rubber are used widely in the production of baby bottle teats due to their cleanliness, aesthetic appearance, and low extractable content.

Plumbing and building construction

The strength and reliability of silicone rubber is widely acknowledged in the construction industry.

One-part silicone sealants and caulks are in common use to seal gaps, joints and crevices in buildings. One-part silicones cure by absorbing atmospheric moisture, which helps in the professional installation.

In plumbing, silicone grease is typically applied to O-rings in faucets and valves. Whilst the film is extant it prevents lime from sticking to the brasswork.

Toys

Silicone balls have become a juggler's favorite due to the high bounce back, and are used as a response system in many low response yo-yos.^[18] Silicone has the potential of replacing plastic in creating many forms of toys.

Versatile applications

Silicone Industry Trade Organizations

The leading global manufacturers of silicone base materials belong to three regional organizations: the European Silicone Center(CES) in Brussels, Belgium; the Silicone Environment Health and Safety Council(SEHSC) in Washington, USA; and the Silicone Industry Association of Japan (SIAJ) in Tokyo, Japan. A fourth organization, the Global Silicone Council (GSC) acts as an umbrella structure over the regional organizations. All four are nonprofit making and have no commercial role. Their primary mission is to promote the safety of silicones from a health, safety and environmental perspective. As the European chemical industry is getting prepared to implement the REACH legislation, CES is leading the formation of a consortium^[19] of silicones, silanes and siloxanes producers and importers to facilitate data and cost sharing.

See also

• Breast implant (silicone implant)
• Injection molding of liquid silicone rubber
• Organosilicon
• Silicone grease
• Silicone oil
• Silicone resin
• Silicone rubber
• Siloxane
• Medical grade silicone

References

1. ^ K.L. Mittal, A. Pizzi (2009). Handbook of Sealant Technology. CRC Press. p. 27. ISBN 0849391628. http://books.google.com/?id=0VJD6MzH9D8C&pg=PT27.
2. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 362, ISBN 0080379419
3. ^ Frederick Kipping, L. L. Lloyd (1901). "XLVII.?Organic derivatives of silicon. Triphenylsilicol and alkyloxysilicon chlorides". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 79: 449–459. doi:10.1039/CT9017900449.
4. ^ R. Withnall, L. Andrews (1986). "Infrared spectroscopic evidence for silicon-oxygen double bonds: methyl- and dimethylsilanones in solid argon". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108 (25): 8118–8119. doi:10.1021/ja00285a054.
5. ^ M. Bogey, B. Delcroix, A. Walters, J-C Guillemin (1996). "Experimentally Determined Structure of H₂SiO by Rotational Spectroscopy and Isotopic Substitution". J. Mol. Spectrosc. 175 (2): 421–428. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0048.
6. ^ V. N. Khabashesku, Z. A. Kerzina, K. N. Kudin, O. M. Nefedov (1998). "Matrix isolation infrared and density functional theoretical studies of organic silanones, (CH₃O)₂Si=O and (C₆H₅)₂Si=O". J. Organomet. Chem. 566 (1-2): 45–59. doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(98)00726-8.
7. ^ J. L. Turner, A. Dalgarno (1977). "The chemistry of silicon in interstellar clouds". Astrophysical Journal 213: 386–389. doi:10.1086/155167.
8. ^ Aquarium Silicone Applications
9. ^ Silicone oven mitts
10. ^ Antonini, J. M.; Roberts, J. R.; Yang, H.-M.; Barger, M. W.; Ramsey, D.; Castranova, V.; Ma, J. Y. C. (2000). "Effect of Silica Inhalation on the Pulmonary Clearance of a Bacterial Pathogen in Fischer 344 Rats". Lung 178 (6): 341. doi:10.1007/s004080000038. PMID 11361057.
11. ^ See Resin dispensing for how silicones can be dispensed in circuit board production.
12. ^ Paul G. Slade (1999). "16.4.1". Electrical Contacts: Principles and Applications. CRC Press. p. 823. ISBN 0824719344. http://books.google.com/?id=EkStW7v8VPkC&pg=PA823.
13. ^ "A Comparison for the Effects of Various Forms of Silicon Contamination on Contact Performance" by Witter, G. (Published in "Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology, IEEE Transactions on" Mar 1979).
14. ^ Chapter 7 - Silicone Caulk Molds
15. ^ W.M. Kluwe (1986). "Carcinogenic potential of phthalic acid esters and related compounds: structure-activity relationships" (free text). Environmental Health Perspectives 65: 271–278. doi:10.2307/3430194. PMID 3709453. PMC 1474699. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1474699.
16. ^ Norbert H. Kleinsasser, Ernst R. Kastenbauer, Herbert Weissacher, Ruth K. Muenzenrieder, Ulrich A. Harréus (2000). "Phthalates demonstrate genotoxicity on human mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract". Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 35 (1): 9–12. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:1<9::AID-EM2>3.0.CO;2-1. PMID 10692222. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/69504565/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0.
17. ^ Walter J. Kozumbo, Rosanna Kroll, Robert J. Rubin (1982). "Assessment of the Mutagenicity of Phthalate Esters". Environmental Health Perspectives 45: 103–109. doi:10.2307/3429391. PMID 6754359. PMC 1568987. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3429391.
18. ^ "Silicone as a response". http://yoyowiki.org/wiki/Response_Systems#Silicone.
19. ^ REACH consortium

External links

• Proceedings Of The Select Committee On Ontario Hydro Nuclear Affairs
• NIRS Reactorwatch
• ccnr.org Representative Ed Markey's Statements concerning flammable firestops
• USNRC Information Notice 88-56
• Silicone Polymers (Virtual Chembook, Elmhurst College)
• Science of Silicone Polymers (Silicone Science On-line, Centre Européen des Silicones - CES)
• Types of silicone

Categories: Adhesives | Cosmetic chemicals | Organosilicon compounds | Silicones

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