Videotape is a means of recording images and sound on to magnetic tape Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording, made of a thin magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic. Most audio, video and computer data storage is this type. It was developed in Germany, based on magnetic wire recording. Devices that record and play back audio and video using magnetic tape are tape recorders and video tape as opposed to movie film Modern motion picture film stock was first created thanks to the introduction of a transparent flexible film base material, celluloid, which was discovered and refined for photographic use thanks to the work of John Carbutt, Hannibal Goodwin, and George Eastman. Prior to this, most motion picture experiments were performed using paper roll film, or random access In computer science, random access is the ability to access an arbitrary element of a sequence in equal time. The opposite is sequential access, where a remote element takes longer time to access. A typical illustration of this distinction is to compare an ancient scroll (sequential; all material prior to the data needed must be unrolled) and the digital media. Videotapes are also used for storing scientific or medical data, such as the data produced by an electrocardiogram. In most cases, a helical scan Helical scan is a method of recording high bandwidth signals onto magnetic tape. It is used in video tape recorders, video cassette recorders, digital audio tape recorders, and some computer tape drives video head rotates against the moving tape to record the data in two dimensions, because video signals have a very high bandwidth, and static heads would require extremely high tape speeds. Videotape is used in both video tape recorders When video recording was first invented, video was recorded onto individual tape reels, as were audio recordings. Loading a videotape reel required threading of the tape through rollers and across recording and playback heads onto a takeup reel. Reel-to-reel recorders have inherent problems of tape damage from hand-threading, tape media (VTRs) or, more commonly and more recently, video cassette recorders (VCRs The videocassette recorder , is a type of video tape recorder that uses removable videotape cassettes containing magnetic tape to record audio and video from a television broadcast so it can be played back later. Most VCRs have their own tuner (for direct TV reception) and a programmable timer (for unattended recording of a certain channel at a) and video cameras A camcorder is an electronic device that combines a video camera and a video recorder into one unit. Equipment manufacturers do not seem to have strict guidelines for the term usage. Marketing materials may present a video recording device as a camcorder, but the delivery package would identify content as video camera recorder. Tape is a linear method of storing information and, since nearly all video recordings made nowadays are digital, it is expected to gradually lose importance as non-linear/random-access methods of storing digital video data become more common.

Early formats

The electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby Harry Lillis "Bing" Crosby was an American singer and actor. His career stretched more than half a century from 1926 until his death in 1977. Crosby's unique bass-baritone voice made him the best-selling recording artist until well into the rock era, with over half a billion records in circulation's production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by John T. Mullin John T. "Jack" Mullin was an American pioneer in the field of magnetic tape sound recording and made significant contributions to many other related fields. From his days at Santa Clara University to his death, he displayed a deep appreciation for classical music and an aptitude for electronics and engineering. When he died in 1999, he and Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device gave what were described as "blurred and indistinct" images, using a modified Ampex Ampex is an American electronics company founded in 1944 by Alexander M. Poniatoff. The name AMPEX is an acronym, created by its founder, which stands for Alexander M. Poniatoff Excellence. At one time public, Ampex is currently a privately held company 200 tape recorder and standard quarter-inch (0.6 cm) audio tape moving at 360 inches (9.1 m) per second.^[1][2] A year later, an improved version, using one-inch (2.6 cm) magnetic tape, was shown to the press, who reportedly expressed amazement at the quality of the images, although they had a "persistent grainy quality that looked like a worn motion picture". Overall, the picture quality was still considered inferior to the best kinescope Kinescope – kine /ˈkɪni/ for short, also known as telerecording in Britain, is a recording of a television program made by filming the picture from a video monitor recordings on film.^[3] Bing Crosby Enterprises hoped to have a commercial version available in 1954, but none came forth.^[4] BCE demonstrated a color model in February 1955, using a longitudinal recording on half-inch (1.3 cm) tape, essentially similar to what RCA RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986. Currently, the RCA trademark is owned by the French conglomerate Technicolor SA through RCA Trademark Management S.A., a company owned by Technicolor. The trademark is used by Sony Music Entertainment and Technicolor, which licenses had demonstrated in 1953 (see below). CBS CBS Broadcasting Inc. is a major American television network, which started as a radio network. The name is derived from the initials of the network's former name, Columbia Broadcasting System. The network is sometimes referred to as the "Eye Network" in reference to the shape of the company's logo. It has also been called the ", RCA's competitor, was about to order BCE machines when Ampex introduced the superior Quadruplex system (see below).^[5]

RCA RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986. Currently, the RCA trademark is owned by the French conglomerate Technicolor SA through RCA Trademark Management S.A., a company owned by Technicolor. The trademark is used by Sony Music Entertainment and Technicolor, which licenses demonstrated the magnetic tape recording of both black-and-white and color programs at its Princeton Princeton, New Jersey is a town located in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. Princeton University has been sited in the town since 1756. Although Princeton is a "college town", there are other important institutions in the area, including the Institute for Advanced Study, Educational Testing Service , Opinion Research Corporation, laboratories on December 1, 1953.^[6][7] The high-speed longitudinal tape system, called Simplex, in development since 1951, could record and play back only a few minutes of a program. The color system used half-inch (1.3 cm) tape to record five tracks — one each for red, blue, green, synchronization, and audio. The black-and-white system used quarter-inch (0.6 cm) tape with two tracks, one for picture and one for sound. Both systems ran at 360 inches (9.1 m) per second.^[8] RCA-owned NBC The National Broadcasting Company is an American television network and former radio network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Rockefeller Center with additional major offices in Burbank, California. It is sometimes referred to as the "Peacock Network" due to its stylized peacock logo, created originally for color first used it on The Jonathan Winters Show on October 23, 1956, when a pre-recorded song sequence by Dorothy Collins in color was included in the otherwise live program.^[9][10] The BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation is the largest broadcasting organisation in the world. Its global headquarters are located in London and its main responsibility is to provide public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Isle of Man. The BBC is an autonomous public service broadcaster that operates under a Royal experimented from 1952 to 1958 with a high-speed linear videotape system called VERA In order to record high frequencies, a tape must move rapidly with respect to the recording or playback head. The frequencies used by video signals are so high that the tape/head speed is on the order of several meters per second , as opposed to 15 or 30 inches (38 or 75 centimeters) per second used by professional analog audio tape recording. The, but this was ultimately unfeasible. It used half-inch (1.27 cm) tape traveling at 200 inches (5.08 m) per second.

Broadcast video

Quad

The first practical professional videotape machines capable of replacing kinescopes were the Quadruplex 2 inch quadruplex was the first practical and commercially successful videotape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California. This format revolutionized television broadcast operations and production, since the only recording medium available to machines introduced by Ampex Ampex is an American electronics company founded in 1944 by Alexander M. Poniatoff. The name AMPEX is an acronym, created by its founder, which stands for Alexander M. Poniatoff Excellence. At one time public, Ampex is currently a privately held company on April 14, 1956 at the National Association of Broadcasters The National Association of Broadcasters is a trade association representing the interests of for-profit, over-the-air radio and television broadcasters in the United States. The NAB represents more than 8,300 terrestrial radio and television stations as well as broadcast networks convention in Chicago. Quad employed a transverse (scanning the tape across its width) four-head system on a two-inch (5.08 cm) tape, and linear heads for the sound track. CBS first used the Ampex VRX-1000^[11] Mark IV at its Television City studios in Hollywood on November 30, 1956 to play a delayed broadcast of Douglas Edwards and the News from New York to the Pacific Time Zone.^[11][12] On January 22, 1957, the NBC game show Truth or Consequences Truth or Consequences, an American quiz show, was originally hosted on NBC radio by Ralph Edwards and later on television by Edwards (1950-54), Jack Bailey (1954-55), Bob Barker (1956-75), Bob Hilton (1977-78) and Larry Anderson (1987-88). The television show ran on CBS, NBC and also in syndication. The premise of the show was to mix the original, produced in Hollywood, became the first program to be broadcast in all time zones from a prerecorded videotape.^[13] Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958 in a cross-licensing agreement with RCA, whose engineers had developed it from an Ampex black-and-white recorder.^[14] NBC's 1958 special, An Evening With Fred Astaire An Evening with Fred Astaire was a one-hour live television special starring Fred Astaire, broadcast on NBC on October 17, 1958. It was highly successful, winning nine Emmy awards and spawning three further specials, and technically innovative, as it was the first major television show to be recorded on color videotape. It was produced at NBC's, is the oldest surviving network color videotape.

Although Quad became the industry standard for over 20 years, it had drawbacks such as an inability to freeze pictures, and no picture search; also, in early machines, a tape could reliably be played back using only the same set of hand-made tape heads, which wore out very quickly. Despite these problems, Quad could produce excellent images. Subsequent videotape systems have used helical scan, where the video heads record diagonal tracks (of complete fields) on to the tape.

Very few early videotapes still exist.^[15] While much less expensive and more convenient than kinescope, the high cost of 3M 3M Company , formerly known as the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation based in Maplewood, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul Scotch 179^[11] and other early videotapes ($300 per one-hour reel)^[16] meant that most broadcasters erased and reused Wiping or junking is a colloquial term for action taken by radio and television production and broadcasting companies, in which old audiotapes, videotapes and telerecordings , are erased, reused, or destroyed after several uses. The practice was prevalent during the 1960s and 1970s, although is now less common since associated storage costs have them, and (in the United States) regarded videotape as simply a better and more cost-effective means of time-delaying broadcasts than kinescopes. It was the four time zones of the continental United States which had made the system very desirable in the first place.

Type C and Type B

The next format to gain widespread usage was the 1" (2.54 cm) Type C format from 1976 onward. It introduced features such as shuttling and still framing, but the sound and picture reproduction attainable on the format were of just slightly lower quality than Quad (although 1" Type C's quality was still quite high). However, unlike Quad, 1" Type C machines required much less maintenance, took up less space, and consumed much less electrical power.

In Europe a similar tape format was developed, called Type B 1 inch type B VTR is an open-reel videotape format developed by the Bosch Fernseh division of Bosch in Germany in 1976. The format became the broadcasting standard in Europe, but adoption was limited in the United States, where the Type C VTRs was met with greater success. Type B machines (also known as BCN) used the same 1" tape as Type C but they lacked C's shuttle and slow-motion options. The picture quality was slightly better, though. Type B was the broadcast norm in continental Europe for most of the 1980s.

Cassette formats

In 1969, Sony Sony Corporation (TYO: 6758, NYSE: SNE), or commonly referred to as Sony, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan and the world's fifth largest media conglomerate with revenue exceeding ¥ 7.730.0 trillion, or $78.88 billion U.S. (FY2008). Sony is one of the leading manufacturers of electronics, introduced a prototype for the first widespread video cassette, the 3/4" (1.905 cm) composite Composite video is the format of an analog television signal before it is combined with a sound signal and modulated onto an RF carrier U-matic U-matic is a videocassette format first shown by Sony in prototype in October 1969, and introduced to the market in September 1971. It was among the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various open-reel formats of the time. Unlike most other cassette-based tape formats, the supply and take-up reels in system, which Sony introduced commercially in September 1971 after working out industry standards with other manufacturers. Sony later refined it to Broadcast Video U-matic or BVU. Sony continued its hold on the professional market with its ever-expanding 1/2" (1.27 cm) component video Component video is a video signal that has been split into two or more components. In popular use, it refers to a type of analog video information that is transmitted or stored as three separate signals. Component video can be contrasted with composite video in which all the video information is combined into a single line-level signal. Like Betacam Betacam is a family of half-inch professional videotape products. It was developed by Sony in 1982. In colloquial use, "Betacam" singly is often used to refer to a Betacam camcorder, a Betacam tape, a Betacam video recorder or the format itself family (introduced in 1982), which, in its digital variants, is still among the professional market leaders. Panasonic Panasonic Corporation (TYO: 6752 NYSE: PC), formerly known as Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. (松下電器産業株式会社, Matsushita Denki Sangyō Kabushiki-gaisha?), is a Japanese multinational corporation headquartered in Kadoma, Osaka, Japan. Its main business is in electronics manufacturing and it produces products under a had some limited success with its MII MII is a professional videocassette format developed by Panasonic in 1986 as their answer and competitive product to Sony's Betacam SP format. It was technically similar to Betacam SP, using metal-formulated tape loaded in the cassette, and utilizing component video recording system, but never could compare to Betacam in terms of market share.

The next step was the digital A digital system is a data technology that uses discrete values. By contrast, non-digital (or analog) systems use a continuous range of values to represent information. Although digital representations are discrete, the information represented can be either discrete, such as numbers, letters or icons, or continuous, such as sounds, images, and revolution. Among the first digital video formats Sony's D-1 SMPTE digital VTR video standard, also a Sony and Bosch - BTS product D-1 format was the first major professional digital video format, introduced in 1986 through efforts by SMPTE engineering committees, which featured uncompressed digital component recording. Because D-1 was extremely expensive, the composite D-2 D-2 is a professional digital video tape format created by Ampex and other manufacturers through a standards group of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers and introduced at the 1988 NAB (National Association of Broadcasters) convention as a lower-cost alternative to the D-1 format. Like D-1, D-2 video is uncompressed; however, it and D-3 D-3 is an uncompressed composite digital video tape format invented at NHK, and introduced commercially by Panasonic in 1991 to compete with Ampex's D-2. It uses half-inch metal particle tape at 83.88 mm/s . Like D-2, the video signal is sampled at four times the color subcarrier frequency, with eight bits per sample. Four channels of 48 kHz 16-20 (by Sony and Panasonic, respectively) were introduced soon after. Ampex introduced the first compressed component recording with its DCT DCT is a digital component videocassette format developed and introduced by Ampex in 1992. It was based on the D1 format, and unlike the uncompressed recording scheme of D1, it was the first digital videotape format to utilize data compression. Like D1 , it uses a similar cassette loaded with 3/4" (19mm) width tape series in 1992. Panasonic trumped D-1 with its D-5 D-5 is a professional digital video format introduced by Panasonic in 1994. Like Sony's D-1 , it is an uncompressed digital component system (10bit), but uses the same half-inch tapes as Panasonic's digital composite D-3 format. A 120 min D-3 tape will record 60 min in D-5/D-5 HD mode. D-5 standard definition decks can be retrofitted to record format, which was uncompressed as well, but much more affordable.

The DV DV is a format for recording and playing back digital video. It was launched in 1995 with joint efforts of leading producers of video camera recorders standard, which debuted in 1996, has become widely used both in its native form and in more robust forms such as Sony's DVCAM DV is a format for recording and playing back digital video. It was launched in 1995 with joint efforts of leading producers of video camera recorders and Panasonic's DVCPRO DV is a format for recording and playing back digital video. It was launched in 1995 with joint efforts of leading producers of video camera recorders as an acquisition and editing format. However, due to concerns by the entertainment industry about the format's lack of copy protection Copy protection, also known as content protection, copy obstruction, copy prevention and copy restriction, is a technology for preventing the reproduction of software, films, music, and other media, only the smaller MiniDV cassettes used with camcorders became commonplace, with the full-sized DV cassettes restricted entirely to professional applications.

For camcorders, Sony adapted the Betacam system with its Digital Betacam Betacam is a family of half-inch professional videotape products. It was developed by Sony in 1982. In colloquial use, "Betacam" singly is often used to refer to a Betacam camcorder, a Betacam tape, a Betacam video recorder or the format itself format, later following it up with the cheaper Betacam SX Betacam is a family of half-inch professional videotape products. It was developed by Sony in 1982. In colloquial use, "Betacam" singly is often used to refer to a Betacam camcorder, a Betacam tape, a Betacam video recorder or the format itself and MPEG IMX Betacam is a family of half-inch professional videotape products. It was developed by Sony in 1982. In colloquial use, "Betacam" singly is often used to refer to a Betacam camcorder, a Betacam tape, a Betacam video recorder or the format itself formats, and the semiprofessional DV DV is a format for recording and playing back digital video. It was launched in 1995 with joint efforts of leading producers of video camera recorders-based DVCAM DV is a format for recording and playing back digital video. It was launched in 1995 with joint efforts of leading producers of video camera recorders system. Panasonic used its DV DV is a format for recording and playing back digital video. It was launched in 1995 with joint efforts of leading producers of video camera recorders variant DVCPRO for all professional cameras, with the higher-end format DVCPRO50 being a direct descendant. JVC developed the competing D9/Digital-S format, which compresses video data in a way similar to DVCPRO but uses a cassette similar to S-VHS media.

High definition

The introduction of HDTV production necessitated a medium for storing high-resolution video information. In 1997, Sony bumped its Betacam series up to HD with the HDCAM standard and its higher-end cousin HDCAM SR. Panasonic's competing format for cameras was based on DVCPRO and called DVCPRO HD. For VTR and archive use, Panasonic expanded the D-5 specification to store compressed HD streams and called it D-5 HD. By Don Ortiz

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